Crop Genebank Knowledge Base

Procedures

Regeneration

Chickpea

Regeneration

Regeneration of cultivated chickpea

This information was extracted from:
Street K ., Rukhkyan N. and Ismail A. 2008. Regeneration guidelines: chickpea. In: Dulloo M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy. 10 pp.

Before reading the regeneration details for this crop, read the general introduction that gives general guidelines to follow by clicking here.

Choice of environment and planting season

A chickpea plant (photo: ICARDA)

Climatic conditions

Chickpea is a cool-season food legume that can be grown in a range of climates, from the semi-arid tropics to temperate environments. The environment most similar to that of the collection site is generally considered optimum.

Planting season

Regenerate chickpea during the rainy season. In Mediterranean-type environments this coincides with the winter season.
Sow after the first substantial rainfall event of the season and when there is a high likelihood of following rains.
In environments where the rainy season coincides with warm, humid weather, plant during the post-rainy season as temperatures cool and the humidity declines. In India this is during October/November. This will reduce pressure from diseases and pests.
The short days of the post-rainy season also induce flowering in photosensitive germplasm accessions, enabling seed production.

Preparation for regeneration

When to regenerate

When seed stocks are fewer than 1,000 seeds.
When germination drops below 75% (at ICARDA, 90% is the standard observed).
If more than 25% of seeds are infected by one or more of the following fungi: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhizopus spp.
When seed demand is high.

Seed preparations for planting

1. After receiving accessions from the genebank, divide the seeds of each accession into subsets of 120 seeds for each 4-m-long row for a four-row plot.
2. For each subset of seed, prepare a packet and write the genebank accession number on each packet.
3. Treat seeds with appropriate fungicide and insecticide.
4. Place each subset of seed in a labelled packet, place the original packet with the genebank label on top and additional packets underneath and staple the packets together—four packets of 120 seeds for four rows.
5. The seeds are now ready for planting.

Field selection and preparation

Sow in well-drained, weed-free soil to ensure a good reserve of soil moisture. Pre-sowing irrigation is recommended to ensure good germination.
For best results, plant in normal soil types, with pH 7.5.
Deep-plough to invert soil, followed by two or three harrowings to produce a fine tilth and an even, flat seedbed.

Method of regeneration

Planting layout, density and distance

Plant out 480 seeds in four rows (120 seeds per row), 4-m long, for accessions that are populations of genetically diverse material, such as landraces.
For pure lines that are genetic ally fixed, such as advanced breeding material, plant adequate amounts to recover the amount of seed required — at least 1 kg or 8,000–12,000 seeds.
Leave at least 45 cm between rows to allow adequate space for inter-row cultivation.
Leave an isolation distance of 90cm between plots.

Sowing method

If using a machine designed for small research plot applications, plant directly into a flat seedbed at a depth of 5cm.
Dibble one seed every 4cm.
Ensure that the planter is free of residual seeds when moving onto the next accession.
If planting by hand, open furrows to about 5cm depth and place seeds so they are 4 cm apart. Close furrows once completed.

Labelling

Label each plot with a plot number and the accession’s unique identifying number (for example the IG number is used at ICARDA) written onto a plastic tag fastened to a stake about knee high. Use plastic labels and markers that can withstand weathering.

Crop management

chickpea_regeneration_field

Chickpea regeneration fields (photo above:ICARDA, photo below: ICRISAT)

Weed management

Directly after planting, apply a pre-emergence herbicide mixture that targets both cereal and broadleaf weeds, e.g. ICARDA uses a mixture of propyzamide and terbutryn.
Cultivate between rows twice during early stages of plant growth using a mechanical cultivator.
Weed by hand, if required, at later stages.
Eliminate off-types and plants growing outside the row.

Fertilization

Apply a basal dose of diammonium phosphate at 100 kg/ha.

Irrigation

Irrigate the field immediately after sowing, preferably by sprinkler or drip system if dry planting was carried out.
Apply supplementary irrigation 10 days after planting if no rain occurs, to ensure adequate seed yield. Plants should not become so water-stressed that flower or pod abortion occurs or pod-filling is impeded.
Avoid excessive soil moisture during the cropping season.

Common pests and diseases

Contact your plant health experts to identify the symptoms of the likely pests and diseases and the appropriate control measures. Some of the major pests and diseases of chickpea are:

Insects:

Nodule damaging fly
Sitona weevil
Cutworms
Aphids
Leaf miners
Army worms
Pod borers
Semi-loopers
Bruchids

Fungal diseases:

Ascochyta blight, Ascochyta rabiei, Mycosphaerella rabiei (= Didymella rabiei )
Black root rot: Fusarium solani
Black streak root rot: Thielaviopsis basicola
Botrytis grey mold: Botrytis cinerea
Downy mildew: Peronospora sp.
Dry root rot: Macrophomina phaseolina = Rhizoctonia bataticola
Fusarium root rot: Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium arthrosporioides, Fusariumavenaceum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii = Fusarium eumartii
Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp . ciceris
Myrothecium leaf spot: Myrothecium roridum
Mystrosporium leaf spot: Mystrosporium sp.
Neocosmospora root rot: Neocosmospora vasinfecta
Phytophthora root rot: Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora megasperma
Powdery mildew: Leveillula taurica, Oidiopsis taurica [anamorph], Erysiphe sp.
Rust: Uromyces ciceris-arietini, Uromyces striatus
Sclerotinia stem rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum

Viral diseases:

Chickpea bushy dwarf virus (CpBDV) (Potyvirus)
Chickpea stunt disease associated virus (CpSDaV) (Luteovirus)
Distortion mosaic: chickpea distortion mosaic virus (CpDMV)
Filiform: chickpea filiform virus (CpFV)
Mosaic: alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)
Narrow leaf: bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV)
Necrosis: lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV), pea streak virus (PeSV)
Proliferation: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
Stunt: bean (pea) leaf roll virus (BLRV)
Yellowing: pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV-2)

Nematodes, parasites:

Dirty root (reniform nematode): Rotylenchulus reniformis
Pearly root (cyst nematode): Heterodera ciceri, Heterodera rosii
Root-knot (root-knot nematode): Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne artiellia, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica
Root lesion (root lesion nematode): Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus thornei
Damping-off: Pythium debaryanum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum

Pest and disease control

Coordinate periodic field inspections with pathologists and virologists during the growing season.
Spray with appropriate chemicals when necessary.
Spray appropriate chemic als as a preventive strategy if a partic ular disease is a major risk in your area; for example, at ICARDA chickpea is sprayed for Ascochyta blight every 3 weeks during the vegetative and flowering phase to prevent outbreaks.

Harvesting

Harvest when pods are dry, i.e. pods rattle when shaken. Older leaves turn yellow and drop, indicating maturity.
Harvest by hand or using a machine designed for experimental plots.
Place the seed in a cloth bag with the plot tag and fix another tag on the outside of the bag.
Clean the harvester meticulously after harvesting each accession.
Where material does not lend itself to machine harvesting due to short plant height or lodging, harvest plots by hand and place the plants immediately in harvester to be threshed.

Post-harvest management

Clean seeds of debris using a seed cleaning machine (mechanical sieve type) immediately after harvest in a way that causes least damage to the sample.
Alternatively, clean the seed by hand.
Meticulously clean the seed cleaner between each accession.
Remove remaining debris by hand.
If signs of insect attack are detected, it may be wise to fumigate the harvested seeds with an appropriate insecticide. However, this is not generally recommended,especially for long-term storage.
Determine total weight of cleaned seeds.
Determine 100-seed weight.
Dry seed by placing it in a low-humidity environment at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. If using a controlled seed drying room, dry at 15°C and 15–20% RH. If a drying room is not available, dry seeds to moisture content of less than 8% with silica gel or another appropriate desiccant.
Determine moisture content, which should be in the range 3–6% for storage.
Send a subsample of each accession for viability testing.
Process the material for storage.

Monitoring accession identity

Maintaining the correct identity of accessions

In processing seed for planting, during planting, in the field, during harvest and post harvest, take extreme care to ensure that the seeds for a given accession remain with the correct identity number. Packets of seeds, plots and harvested material must always be labelled with the appropriate ID number in such a way that there could be no chance of mixing up or losing the identity of the accession.

Maintaining population integrity

When conserving accessions of genetically diverse populations, it is important to maintain adequate quantities of seed to maximize the diversity in the sample (minimum 1,000 seeds).
When regenerating such accessions, it is equally important to plant an adequate number of seeds to conserve the original variation in the accession so that genetic drift does not occur within the population (see introductory chapter).

Comparisons with previous passport or morphological data

Compare each accession with the following characterization data previously recorded for the accession:
- Growth habit.
- Flower colour.
- Seed colour.
- Seed shape.

If the identity of the accession is in doubt, check it against its herbarium voucher specimen. Discard the accession if its identity is not the same as the original accession.

References and further reading

Choumane W, Baum M. 2000. The use of RAPD markers for characterization of annual species of the genus Cicer. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 2:809–820.

Coyne CJ, Sharp-Vincent T, Cashman MJ, Watt CA, Chen W, Muehlbauer FJ, Mallikarjuna N. 2005. A method for germinating perennial Cicer species. SAT ejournal Vol 1, Issue 1. Available from: http://www.icrisat.org/Journal/cropimprovement/v1i1/icpn12/v1i1amethod.pdf. Date accessed: 29 August 2008.

Ladinsky G, Adler A. 1976. The origin of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. Euphytica 25(1):211–217.

Purseglove JW. 1968. Cicer arietinum L. In: Tropical Crops. Dicotyledons. Longman Group Limited, London. pp. 246–250.

Tayyar R, Federici CV, Waines GJ. 1996. Natural outcrossing in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Crop Science 36:203–205.

Wellving AHA. 1984. Grain legumes. Seed Production Handbook of Zambia. Department of Agriculture. Lusaka. SIDA. pp. 226–254.