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Chapter 5: Basic sampling strategies: theory and practice
Jose Crossa
Biometrics and Statistics Unit, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
E-mail: j.crossa(at)cgiar.org
Roland Vencovsky
Dept. of Genetics ESALQ/Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
E-mail: rvencovs(at)esalq.usp.br
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This chapter is a synthesis of new knowledge, procedures, best practices and references for collecting plant diversity since the publication of the 1995 volume Collecting Plant Diversity: Technical Guidelines, edited by Luigi Guarino, V. Ramanatha Rao and Robert Reid, and published by CAB International on behalf of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) (now Bioversity International), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The original text for Chapter 5: A Basic Sampling Strategy: Theory and Practice, authored by A. H. D. Brown and D. R. Marshall, has been made available online courtesy of CABI. The 2011 update of the Technical Guidelines, edited by L. Guarino, V. Ramanatha Rao and E. Goldberg, has been made available courtesy of Bioversity International.
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Abstract
Programmes for conserving genetic resources have collected, received and stored hundreds of thousands of accessions of different cultivated species and their wild and weedy relatives. Collection and regeneration protocols must consider the species (i.e., allogamous, partially allogamous, autogamous and dioecious) to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. Previous studies have used allelic richness as the basic parameter for determining sample sizes for genetic resource conservation. The concept of variance effective population size is important to the measurement of genetic representativeness and has been successfully used in genetic conservation (regeneration and collection). The aim of this chapter is to show how to practically apply the theory developed earlier and to demonstrate its use for answering practical questions that a manager of genetic resource conservation might pose when collecting and regenerating plant genetic resources. This chapter explains strategies for determining efficient sample size in order to maintain the representativeness of the original diversity when collecting and regenerating genetic resources.
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References and further reading
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MLTR (Multilocos Mating System Program) by Kermit Ritlan (a computer programme for analysing marker data): http://genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/programs.html
Resources for obtaining measures of genetic divergence among collection sites or subpopulations of a species in a given ecogeographic region, and of the level of natural inbreeding:
FSTAT by Jérome Goudet: www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm
GDA (Genetic Data Analyses) by Paul O. Lewis and Dmitri Zaykin: http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/plewis/software.php
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